Mars Base Alpha

⇛ Watch (+ explore the slides) Starship Mars mission update by Elon Musk in May 2025

"Mars Base Alpha" is the name given to the proposed first human base on Mars by SpaceX CEO and lead designer Elon Musk. It can be argued if SpaceX will be in a position to have the naming rights for the first human base on Mars and even if it will – is SpaceX intended to keep the name. It's quite possible there will be, for example, some public naming contest for the name of the base. Whatever it is, we will use Mars Base Alpha as a name for the first human base on Mars.. for now.

The establishment of Mars Base Alpha will be enabled with the development of SpaceX's Starship Super Heavy, capable to bring large quantity of cargo and passengers to the surface of Mars. First there will be sent around 5 cargo Starships (to separate locations) with Tesla Optimus humanoid robots to confirm the best place for a sustainable human base; the landing zone should be located in low elevation at less than 40° latitude for best solar power production, relatively warm temperature, and critically: it must be near a massive sub-surface water ice deposit.

Initially there were four regions considered by SpaceX for the landing site – Deuteronilus Mensae, Phlegra Montes, Utopia Planitia and Southern Arcadia Planitia. By March 2021 SpaceX had conducted several workshops downselecting 4 prime ★ and 3 secondary ★ potential landing sites in Phlegra Montes, Erebus Montes and Southern Arcadia Planitia for further study:

After the robotic evaluation, initial buildup of the base and preparing the landing area will be done, there will come several crewed Starships with a dozen astronauts each, tens of cargo Starships and the main objective to construct a propellant plant, power generation, habitats, roads and landing pads needed for future missions. Those first settlers will live in the landed Starships as temporary habitats which will stay on Mars for several years or even forever. The propellant plant would produce methane and liquid oxygen from sub-surface water ice and atmospheric CO2 to refuel cargo Starships for the return trip.

In Elon's latest statements SpaceX will perform those first landings in 2027 (cargo) and 2031 (crew + cargo), as we had estimated several years ago.

After setting up the fundamentals for the base, every Earth-Mars synod (26 months) there will arrive ever increasing number of workers and settlers, gradually building Mars Base Alpha and expanding its industrial, power, mining and indoor farming capabilities. To get protection from high rates of radiation on Mars the base should be partially built underground. Most likely it's one of the reasons Elon Musk has established The Boring Company – to get experience and develop innovative methods for tunneling which will be very valuable on Mars.

Evolution of SpaceX' vision for human colony on Mars

As flights to Mars with chemical rockets are possible only for a few months during a 26 month cycle (because of Earth and Mars rotating the Sun at different periods), Mars Base Alpha will need to become as self-sufficient as soon as possible. Producing its own food, power, fuel and basic necessities can become a matter of life and death. 3D-printing technologies, printing spare parts from local materials, regenerative life support, extreme saving on resources will become an unquestioned part of the way of live in the colony. SpaceX is not planing to do all of these activities alone – any company or space agency able to contribute to the growth of the colony will be welcome.

Mars City

"Mars City" is the name Elon Musk gave to the first human colony on Mars in some earlier presentations of SpaceX's Mars colonization architecture. It would be an awkward name for a small outpost the Mars Base Alpha will initially be but after several decades of colonization when the population of the base will reach several thousand the name Mars City would fit quite well. We estimate it will happen in late 2050s with the construction of the first large-scale transparent dome.

SpaceX has mentioned a goal of terraforming Mars eventually but, even if the efforts will be started early on, the first notable results, not even speaking about full terraformation, will be seen only centuries ahead.

⇛ Official and fan-made art of Mars Base Alpha and Mars City here at humanMars.net